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Lugal
Lugal ((unicode:𒈗) Sumerian, Neo-Assyrian) is the Sumerian cuneiform sign for leader from the two signs, LÚ.GAL ((unicode:𒇽 𒃲), "man, big"), and was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could bear (alongside ''en'' and ''ensi'', the exact difference being a subject of debate). The sign eventually became the predominant Sumerian term for a King in general. In the Sumerian language, ''lugal'' is used to mean an owner (e.g. of a boat or a field) or a head (of a unit such as a family).
==Cuneiform==
The cuneiform sign LUGAL (unicode:𒈗) (Borger nr. 151, Unicode U+12217) serves as a determinative in cuneiform texts (Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite), indicating that the following word is the name of a king. In Akkadian orthography, it may also be a syllabogram ''šàr'', acrophonically based on the Akkadian for "king", ''šarrum''.
==''Lugal'', ''ensi'' and ''en''==
There are different theories regarding the meaning of the title ''lugal'' in 3rd millennium Sumer. Some scholars believe that a ruler of an individual city-state was usually called ''ensi'', and a ruler that headed a confederacy or larger dominion composed of several cities, perhaps even the whole of Sumer, was a ''lugal''. The functions of such a ''lugal'' would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, military defence against external enemies, and once the lugal has died, the eldest son must take over.〔〔Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (ХХVIII–ХХVI century BC.)〕 Interestingly, the ''ensis'' of Lagash would sometimes refer to the city's patron deity, Ningirsu, as their ''lugal'' ("master"). All of the above is connected to the possibly priestly or sacral character of the titles ''ensi''〔Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48〕 and especially ''en'' (the latter term continuing to designate priests in subsequent times). Other scholars consider ''ensi'', ''en'' and ''lugal'' to have been merely three local designations for the sovereign, accepted respectively in the city-states of Lagash, Uruk and Ur (as well as most of the rest of Sumer),〔〔Cooper, Jerrold S., Sumerian and Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro-Mesopotamia. P.63-65. In: "Languages and Cultures in Contact. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm." Proceedings of the 42nd RAI - Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 96, K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet (eds.), Leuven〕 although the various terms may have expressed different aspects of the Mesopotamian concept of kingship.〔 A ''lugal'' at that time is assumed to have been "normally a young man of outstanding qualities from a rich landowning family."〔H.W.F. Saggs, ''Babylonians,'' University of Oklahoma Press (1995), page 54.〕 Thorkild Jacobsen theorized that he was originally an (elected) war leader, as opposed to the (likewise elected) ''en'', who dealt with internal issues.〔Jacobsen, Thorkild,, 1970: "Early political development in Mesopotamia," ZA 52: 91-140; repr. in TIT 132-156, 366-396.〕 Among the earliest rulers whose inscriptions describe them as ''lugals'' are Enmebaragesi and Mesilim at Kish, and Meskalamdug, Mesannepada and several of their successors at Ur.〔Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.47〕 At least from the Third Dynasty of Ur onwards, only ''lugal'' was used to designate a contemporary sovereign in Sumerian.
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